In almost everyone, it seems, there is always some curious hidden thing — a hobby, an interest, a skill or simply some aspect of their character — which, without necessarily contradicting their personality, would be hard for anyone not in the know to guess. Almost everything about human beings resolutely defies the mere stock character (even as we still conform paradoxically and hilariously to stereotypes — which is another question). For instance, I would never have guessed that the engineer Thomas Telford had been an enthusiastic reader and writer of poetry in his spare time, and toured the Lake District and Scotland with Robert Southey, nor that the composer Gerald Finzi had, in his spare time, saved several varieties of English apple from extinction. I am often surprised and intrigued to discover unexpected truths about the characters and histories of my own friends (which, I add hastily, is not to say that they seem dull otherwise!). ‘
World is crazier and more of it than we think’: this is the feeling, to paraphrase Louis MacNeice, of the drunkenness of people being various.
And, in particular, it adds to the fascination of art and music to discover the biographies of creative artists. Behind any artistic work there always lies a person with a complexity that is its own universe. Of course, it is possible to enjoy beauty for its own sake, without rummaging too deeply in its origins, but because, through their work, we can almost befriend artists and composers, a certain curiosity about their lives seems entirely reasonable. We want to understand the mind behind the hand that wrote the notes.
But what happens when this same human complexity seems to make things difficult and contradictory, rather than interesting? If some biographical detail tests our patience or tolerance, we find our natural instinct to friendship with the composer tempered. Does this affect our enjoyment of the music? And should it? How far can we distinguish our musical sympathy from our moral sympathy?
Recently I have found my interest rekindled in the Soviet-Armenian composer Aram Khachaturian (1903–1978). A few years ago I heard his life featured on BBC Radio 3’s
Composer of the Week, and was surprised to recognise some of his music, though I hardly knew anything about him. He is perhaps best-known for the
Sabre Dance from his ballet ‘Gayaneh’, but he is also responsible for this well-known
waltz (from his Masquerade Suite), and for the
Adagio from his second ballet
‘Spartacus’, music which was later chosen as the theme for the television series
‘The Onedin Line’. His concertos for
piano and
violin are also rather better-known, it seems, than the life of the man himself. Donald Macleod, the presenter of
Composer of the Week, certainly mentioned Khachaturian’s closeness to the elite of the Soviet Union. But the extent of this involvement was made much more apparent in
‘Khachaturian’,
an absorbing documentary of 2003 about the composer’s life and works by the American film-maker Peter Rosen. This richly-produced film is full of archival footage, photographs, and interviews with the composer’s colleagues, relatives and friends, and has not failed to weave a lush soundtrack from his colourful music. It is a sympathetic portrait, but also a candid examination of the entwining of Khachaturian’s career with the cogs of the Soviet political machine.
Normally a composer’s political persuasion would not have that great an effect on my enjoyment of music. And about Khachaturian, too, there is plenty to say without having to go into politics. Although he was born and raised in the city of Tblisi (then Tiflis) in Georgia and lived most of his adult life in Moscow, he was of Armenian descent, and it was from that culture that he drew inspiration for the melodies, rhythms and moods of his work. He was unashamed of this heritage, and therefore an unabashed tunesmith: so much of his music has the catchiness, the immediacy, and the evocative and unaffected appeal of folk-music. It is full of detail and little touches or dashes of colour: just one example is
the delicious phrase given to a solo clarinet not far into the third movement of the violin concerto, just before the soloist enters, but there are many others. Khachaturian’s cultural inheritance also led him to look Eastwards to experiment with harmonies and flavours even as he stuck to Western forms such as ballets and symphonies; sometimes it is possible to hear him trying to find a note too fine for Western semi-tones.
An interesting article by Paul Serotsky also discussed the Eastern idea of
mugam, in which music is not built up ‘from individual notes in accordance with harmonic rules’ as in the West, but by the accumulation and interweaving of ‘pre-defined musical phrases to create a musical mosaic’: weaving together elements into a kind of magic carpet of sound. For him, this has a powerful result: ‘certain parts of
Gayne’ — Serotsky says, ‘— such as
‘Gathering of the Cotton’ or the
‘Lullaby’ — evoke a pervasive feeling of irretrievable loss, of something I treasure that is gone forever.’ In such quieter moods, Khachaturian is a master of lyrical enchantment.
One striking feature of Khachaturian’s music is a tendency to hang, or linger, or insist on a particular note or repeated phrase, trying it, testing it, pinning it down, as if to get at its kernel or prize out its secret. In his melodies it is often not enough for a note or phrase to be sounded once… it must sound again… and again and again and again and again, three, or four, or a dozen times more than seems reasonable, but as often as is needed to give voice to the sustained surge of passion the music must express. The most famous example of this impassioned repetition is probably in the
‘Sabre Dance’, where it appears ridiculously brashly and almost manically (the ‘Sabre Dance’ is surely a candidate for the most garish piece of music ever written), but this habit of his appears less giddily in countless other places in his music: various numbers from ‘Gayaneh’, the violin concerto, the piano concerto, the
third theme of the ‘Adagio’ from ‘Spartacus’, and in the muscular desolation of his
second symphony, known as the Bell Symphony. Hear how, in the funeral-march third movement of that symphony, while the strings are occupied with (as his English-language publishers Boosey & Hawkes put it) an
‘eerily arranged’ quotation from the
Dies Irae, piano and harp insist icily and persistently on the single B natural in the treble. They relent only to allow the full-throated trumpets to take it up and blast it home. There is a strangely enthralling Soviet bleakness and angst about this symphony which has to do with the dark times in which it was composed. In 1942 the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union seemed on the verge of horrifyingly resounding success: Leningrad was besieged, the battle of Stalingrad seemed unwinnable; only months beforehand Moscow itself had very nearly fallen; the Red Army had not yet mustered its counter-attack. Khachaturian called this symphony ‘a requiem of wrath, a requiem of protest against war and violence’. It is not dissimilar to
Vaughan Williams’ sixth symphony, in that it is music for those with no tears left to shed.
The Dies Irae quoted in the third movement of Khachaturian's Second, or ‘Bell’ Symphony
Musically, then, this was a man who wore his heart on his sleeve: Khachaturian’s music is romantic, emotional, tuneful and sincere. Indeed, the musicologist Daniel Jaffé even places particular emphasis on his sincerity, calling him
‘one of the most straightforward and honest composers I know’.
This is where the question of complexity and variety becomes troublesome. Of all the biographies of prominent composers, Khachaturian’s has a political dimension so total that it cannot be ignored. He is spoken of as a Soviet-Armenian composer: this might seem odd when we think of his contemporaries Dmitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev as definitely Russian rather than Soviet-Russian, say. But it is hard to peel away the ‘Soviet’ label from Khachaturian because he himself embraced it so decisively. He was very clearly enthused about the Soviet project in the early years, and he went on to rise far higher in the cultural ranks than he would have had to if he harboured any reservations about it. According to his
obituary in the New York Times, no sooner had he left the Moscow Conservatoire than he involved himself in the upper echelons of the Union of Composers, being elected two years later as deputy chairman of its Organising Committee. And to all outward appearances he remained loyal to the USSR for the rest of his life. There he is, in recorded concerts in the the 1970s, stepping medal-bedecked onto the conductor’s podium: there gleams his the Order of Lenin; there sparkles his Hero of Socialist Labour medal. He appeared to be the ideal Soviet composer, and,
as the pianist Sahan Arzruni has said, ‘he did absolutely everything right, as far as the Soviet ideology is concerned.’ Does all this detract from the sincere Khachaturian, the romantic Khachaturian, the catchy Khachaturian? Well, it is hard to reconcile this portly grandee of joyless Communism with the vigorous Caucasian rhythms and melodies of ‘Gayaneh’ or the violin concerto. And Khachaturian’s political side is not merely circumstantial context either, for the politics do find their way into his music. ‘Gayaneh’ itself, for all its enchanting tunes, is the tale of a woman in a collective farm who deals with her (admittedly drunken and violent) husband by ditching him for a new lover, a Soviet commander who goes on to restore happiness in the community by his vigorous re-application of the Communist system. This really is not my cup of tea. And apart from that, what about ‘Poem About Stalin’? Or ‘Ode in memory of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin’?… Not for me, thank you.
It may be that the public image really is a true manifestation of the man’s sincerely-held beliefs. Perhaps wearing his heart on his sleeve did indeed mean pinning the Order of Lenin to his lapel. It is true that he felt indebted to the October Revolution, which arguably opened up to him the social possibility of studying music in Moscow. (He believed that he would otherwise have remained in Tblisi, untrained and unheard of.) To rise high in the cultural elite of the new order, he might have felt, was to repay this debt in some measure. And of course, composers and musicians have always felt the need to seek patronage in corridors of power.
But the nature of the USSR was in any case to subsume individual conscience into a political and cultural monolith. It scarcely mattered to the system whether or not this was the real Aram Ilyich. After all, his loyalty turned out to offer little guarantee of protection from the sting of its nasty side. The greatest shock of his career, in January 1948, was to find himself denounced — he, Khachaturian, along with Shostakovich and Prokofiev, denounced by the Composers’ Union on the charge of ‘formalism’: the crime of composing music that was not in touch with the people, as Stalin had decreed it should be. Khachaturian was reduced to a fulsome apology, and even agreed to be sent to Armenia for ‘re-education’. His reputation was gradually restored, especially after the triumph of his ballet ‘Spartacus’ (1954). But he had had a terrible blow and he cannot afterwards have been altogether the same person, nor quite the contented personage he seemed to be.
And, to go even further, was he the atheist the USSR wanted him to be, and he professed to be, in spite of the transcendence of the beauty and passion of his art? Did he really mean
his words in the Eternal City: “I’m an atheist, but I’m a son of the [Armenian] people who were the first to officially adopt Christianity, and thus visiting the Vatican was my duty”? Or, on the other hand, is it true that,
when his friend Tigran Mansurian asked him if he believed in Christ, he retreated behind a curtain and crossed himself? Once we get to these questions we might feel perhaps that we are prying too far. But the Soviet Russia’s sheer murkiness leaves almost nothing out in the open; there can be no answers without seeking or working them out. “His opposition to the Soviet Union never appeared externally",
says his nephew Emin Khachaturian, “He was a member of the Party. He had a high post and a number of decorations from the Soviet system. Perhaps deep inside his soul he, like thousands of others, understood the depravity of that system.” But we cannot know now.
Aram Khachaturian conducting in the Grand Hall of the Moscow State Tchaikovsky Conservatory, 1972.
Yet, for all these doubts, I warm to this compromised man — for who in Russia, in those days, amid the ruins and the shattered commandments, apart from saints, martyrs and infants, was not compromised? Perhaps, then, Khachaturian is not to blame for the political tainting of his life so much as the USSR itself and the circumstances of his career. Perhaps it was simply the case that the one absolute was his music, and that he would do anything to protect it: if this meant consenting to its nationalisation the USSR, then so be it. His music was at least preserved, even if this surrender to the state was to be so total that, to this day, and in spite of his enthusiastic adoption as a hero in Armenia and the exotically Caucasian flavour of his music, there remains a Soviet tinge to him. It is just frustrating that he had to align himself with one of the least savoury courts ever held on earth. One YouTube member,
commenting on a recording of the ‘Gayeneh’ ballet, wrote: ‘I love this music so much — but I find it difficult to listen to without mentally seeing Stalin’s stupid face and wanting to punch it (just like the composer himself undoubtedly).’ That is one way of putting it.
It is both disconcerting and heartening to realise how well beautiful music can conceal our compromised humanity. It is heartening because it proves that music can forge bonds between people who would otherwise have little in common: the
West-Eastern Divan Orchestra is one important example of this. But it should also alert us to the risks of the Midas touch that artists have, as well as its glories. They can make hallowed whatever they touch. Music composed by agnostics can, quite in spite of intention, convert listeners to belief in God; and music written for the sake of flawed ideas can lend legitimacy to ignoble things. It is given to artists to wield powers that far transcend themselves; they had better be careful what they consecrate.
